EDUMANIA

English has three different pronunciations for- es & s when they are used as plural markers of nouns and singular present makers of verbs.

There are three different ways to pronounce the ' ed ' ending of regular verbs in the simple past tense: / Id / ,  / t / or  / d / .   The pronunciation depends on the sound at the end of the infinitive of the main verb and whether it is voiced or voiceless sound.

A poet laureate is a poet officially appointed by a government or conferring institution, who is often expected to compose poems for special events and occasions. The title was sometimes conferred by certain universities.

      The Man Booker Prize for Fiction is a literary prize founded in 1969, awarded each year for the best original novel, written in the English language and published in the UK. The winner of the Man Booker Prize is generally assured international renown and success; therefore, the prize is of great significance for the book trade.      The prize money awarded with the Booker Prize was originally £21,000, and was subsequently raised to £50,000 in 2002 under the sponsorship of the Man Group, making it one of the world's richest literary prizes.      In 1993, as part of the celebrations of 25 years of the prize, a so-called Booker of Bookers was awarded to Salman Rushdie for his novel Midnight’s Children , chosen as the best book to have won the prize in its first quarter of a century.

      For convenience of discussion, historians divide the continuity of English literature into segments of time that are called "periods." The exact number, dates, and names of these periods vary, but the list below conforms to widespread practice.

In English language, there are many words that end in – age . However, - age is not pronounced the same in all cases.  In general terms, there are three ways to pronounce it:

       There are 24 consonant sounds in English but they are represented by 21 letters of the alphabet. Sounds made by completely or partly stopping the flow of air being breathed out through the mouth are called consonant.

Diphthong- a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves towards another.

           There are forty four sounds in English language. The forty four sounds are classified into twenty four consonants and twenty vowels. Of the twenty vowels, twelve are called monophthong or  pure vowels because they consist of a single sound and the rest are diphthongs because they are a combination of two vowels.

To express an action going on at the time of speaking Example: ·          It is raining heavily.   Note: It rains heavily. The example does not refer to the falling of the rain at the moment of speaking, but to a phenomenon which occurs regularly; as in “It rains heavily in equatorial regions and hilly areas.

The main use of the simple present tense is to express habitual actions : Examples: Ø   He smokes . Ø   Dogs bark .

Prosody is the study of versification, covering the principles of metre, rhythm, rhyme and stanza forms. Rhythm and metre are different, although closely related. Metre is the definitive pattern established for a verse, while rhythm is the actual sound that results from a line of poetry. Foot The foot is a certain fixed combination of syllables, each of which is counted as being either stressed or unstressed.

                                                Style involves the playwright’s method of presentation. It involves the playwright’s treatment and shaping of dramatic materials, setting and costumes in a specific manner. Several factors influence the style of a dramatist like his belonging to a specific period of time, his nationality, his affinity to any ideological movement, and his personal traits.      There is different variety of styles like the realistic, anti-realistic, naturalistic, symbolic, and expressionistic and so on.

The Dramatic Monologue A dramatic monologue is a long excerpt in a play, poem or story that reveals a character’s thoughts and feelings. It is usually composed in the form of a speech of an individual character, addressed to one or more silent listeners offering great insight into the feelings of the speaker. M.H. Abraham analyzing the features of the dramatic monologue points out that a single person utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem in a specific situation at a critical moment. Even though the speaker interacts with one or more persons, the auditor’s presence is perceived only from the clues in the discourse of the single speaker.

ONE-ACT PLAY      One-Act play is a play in only one act. Its action gets completed in a single act. The Mystery and Miracle plays of the Middle Ages in England and the short farces popular in Italy from the 15th to 16th centuries were the prototypes of the modern one-act plays. The development of the modern one-act play is the result of the Little Theatre Movement. Even a standard programme at a London theater consisted of a full-length play preceded by a one-act piece, usually of a different nature which was called a curtain raiser.

THE ORIGIN OF DRAMA      Drama is generally defined as a literary composition meant to be enacted on the stage by actors before an audience. The term ‘drama’ is derived from the Greek word ‘ dran ’ which means ‘to act’ or ‘to do’. Aristotle’s “Poetics” deals with drama and dramatics. According to Aristotle, the aim of drama is to instruct and delight the spectators by the artistic representation of human emotions and passions. He says that drama is an imitation of human action.

     SIXTH SEMESTER B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2014                                                                   (CCSS)                                                       Core Course – English                              ...

   SIXTH SEMESTER B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2013 (CCSS) Core Course – English ENG5 B1 Indian Writing in English Time: Three Hours                                                                   Maximum: 30 Weightage I. Answer the following bunches of questions:- A.1. The poets wants the breezy to ………him in the swing of music. (a) Lift.            (b) Rock.           (c) Summer.         (d) Soothe. 2. The poem In Love is taken from the collection ….. in Calcutta. (a) Winter...

     SIXTH SEMESTER B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2012 (CCSS) Core Course – English ENG5 B1 Indian Writing in English Time: Three Hours                                                                     Maximum: 30 Weightage I. Answer the following bunches of questions:- A. 1. Breezy April, ………. April.     (a) Vagrant.                                               ...

  Modern Literary Movements (My lecture note) 1- ANGRY YOUNG MEN     Angry young men, term applied to a group of English writers of the 1950s whose heroes share certain rebellious and critical attitudes toward society. This phrase, which was originally taken from the title of Leslie Allen Paul's autobiography, Angry Young Man (1951), became current with the production of John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger (1956).